資料出處
1. JG Davis et al: Health Effects of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 1992.
- "...目前沒有文獻指出，由家用電器、電視顯像終端和當地高壓電力輸配線所產生的極低頻率電磁場會危害健康。"
2. JA Dennis et al: Human Health and Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation (NRPB-R241), National Rad Protect Board, Chilton, 1993.
- "大量的證據顯示，人們在一般正常的暴露下，並不會造成任何效應。"
3. P Guenel and J Lellouch: [Synthesis of the literature on health effects from very low frequency electric and magnetic fields], Nat Inst Health Medical Res (INSERM), Paris, 1993.
- "實驗室裡的研究並未發現任何致癌的效應，然而流行病學並未排除磁場造成白血病的可能性，尤其是兒童白血病...磁場對於人類健康的影響尚須研究，只有在確定有何影響時，這才會成為大眾健康問題。"
4. J Roucayrol: [Report on extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and health]. Bull Acad Nat Med 177:1031-1040, 1993
- "沒有證據指出電磁場跟生殖和畸形有關，也沒有證據說明電磁場會造成或觸發或促進某些癌症的發生，即使仍不能完全排除可能性...流行病學的研究數據和實驗室研究不一致。"
5. JE Moulder and KR Foster: Biological effects of power-frequency fields as they relate to carcinogenesis. Proc Soc Exp Med Biol 209:309-324, 1995.
- 見 A12 有後來的修正版。
6. KR Foster and JE Moulder: Questioning biological effects of EMF, In: "IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, vol 15 (Jul/Aug)", Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, pp. 23-102 (1996).
- 一份收集個人發表文章關於必v頻率、射頻場和人類健康，由本網頁原文作者編著。
7. National Research Council (U.S.): Possible health effects of exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, (1996).
- "基於已發表的釵h文獻，關於必v頻率電磁場對於細胞、組織和生物體（包括人類），整合瞭解之後，結論出暴露在這樣的環境下，並不會危害人體健康。明確的說，沒有具結論性和一致性的證據顯示暴露在一般住宅區電磁場之下會造成癌症、不良的神經行為反應或生殖和生長發育的效應。"
8. R Kavet: EMF and current cancer concepts. Bioelectromag 17:339-357, 1996.
- "目前的認為癌症發生是一個多階段性的過程，需要至少兩個基因毒害的事件發生在它的關鍵路徑，但是這個過程會因為目標細胞的非基因毒性擴散增值效應而受到促進...必v頻率場關於癌症發生的效應尚未被證實..."
9. KR Foster et al: Weak electromagnetic fields and cancer In the context of risk assessment. Proc IEEE 85:733-746,1997.
- "一份回顧，從非游離輻射電磁場可能造成的健康危害到關於癌症風險的評估，包括三項與電磁場和癌症有關連的歷史事件。作者下了個結論：支持電磁場與癌症有相連的證據非常薄弱，癌症風險的評估以及評定癌症發生率為負(negative)是很困難的...這個難題需要對於「風險」以及風險與人類、器官之關係有更複雜的瞭解，這就牽涉到電學科技(electrotechnology)。"
10. A Lacy-Hulbert et al: Biological responses to electromagnetic fields. FASEB J 12:395-420, 1998.
- "累積的證據...告訴我們流行病學的研究無法提供一個明確清楚的關連性，關於暴露在必v-頻率場和癌症的發生之間的關連性...由於目前仍不知道必v-頻率場對於致癌影響的機制，流行病學的研究結果只會使人困惑。動物實驗也無法證實必v-頻率場會促發或促進癌症...除非可以明確的重複出相同的實驗變項及一致的實驗結果，但到目前為止都沒有...因此對於必v-頻率場的生物效應，科學界抱持著很大的懷疑。"
11. Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: Working Group Report, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998.
- 必v-頻率場是可能的(possible)致癌因子，不是可能的(probable)致癌因子。請見 問題二十七F 、 A16 。
12. JE Moulder: Power-frequency fields and cancer. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 26:1-116, 1998.
- 本網頁的1998年原文版。
"癌症發生的機制已經被瞭解，在實驗室裡可以利用對它的瞭解來評估某物質或媒介是否具有潛在致癌的可能。大約有100份發表的報告是在尋找必v-頻率場為基因毒性的證據，不過都沒有找到。少數宣稱有找到的，他們所用的暴露條件幾乎不會發生在真實的環境裡，而且這些實驗結果無法被重複證實。連結流行病學與生物物理學的研究結果，結論是必v-頻率場和癌症的相關性不僅不能被證實，也相當不可能。"
13. J McCann, LI Kheifets et al: Cancer risk assessment of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: A critical review of methodology. Environ Health Perspect 106:701-717, 1998.
- "這份回顧提供了癌症風險評估方法，有關於極低頻率電場和磁場...
1) 風險評估應該被視為一種反覆的過程，這過程告訴我們對於健康風險的整體判斷...
2) 做出「有危險」的鑑定需要有相當大量的動物實驗數據來支持...
3) 年齡不同可能對於致癌因子的敏感度不同，這個因素也應該考慮進去...
4) 缺乏劑量反應的證據以及對於必v-頻率場的DNA反應，風險特性用安全因素(safety factor)或不確定因素(uncertainty factor)或暴露種類幅度來表示比較恰當...
5) 風險評估應該允頃�肊坁犒篘蝯祭蚳虓礂@由於暴露在必v-頻率場之致癌風險的界限，也應該要針對釐清不確定因素，使成為更加完整的評估，而規定一個有效的研究程序。"
14. JE Moulder and KR Foster: Is there a link between exposure to power-frequency electric fields and cancer? IEEE Eng Med Biol 18(2):109-116, 1999.
- "某些作者最近提出必v-頻率電場和磁場作比較，電場跟癌症比較有關，他們的結論是基於流行病學的研究。我們回顧了這個議題的文獻...發現正好相反，必v-頻率電場對於癌症的相關性比磁場還弱，幾乎可說是沒有關係存在...不用說，我們的社會有釵h更急切的健康問題，而高壓輸配線不是其中之一。"
15. National Research Council. Research on Power-Frequency Fields Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Nation Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1999.
- "The results of the EMF-RAPID program do not support the contention that the use of electricity poses a major unrecognized public-health danger. Basic research on the effects of power-frequency magnetic fields should continue, but a special research funding effort is not required." See also: A18
16. Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
- "The scientific evidence suggesting that [power-frequency electromagnetic field] exposures pose any health risk is weak". See 問題二十七G for details. The report is available at: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/EMF.../Report_18f.htm
17. Committee on Man and Radiation: Possible health hazards from exposure to power-frequency electric and magnetic fields- A COMAR Technical Information Statement. IEEE Eng Med Biol 19(1):131-137, 2000.
- "After examination of relevant research reports published during the last ten years, COMAR concludes that it is highly unlikely that health problems can be associated with average 24-hour field exposure to power frequency magnetic fields of less than 1 milliT. Good laboratory evidence shows that magnetic fields 100 to 10,000 times higher than this level, either ELF sinusoidal or pulsed, can induce a variety of biological effects... Many of the reports of effects of weaker fields should be considered preliminary, as some observations have not been reproduced in different laboratories, while others, observed in cells, have not been clearly connected to effects in intact animals. Also, the means of interaction of low-level ELF fields with cells, tissues or laboratory animals is not fully understood; therefore the health impacts of such weak fields on intact animals and humans, if any, cannot be predicted or explained."
Full text on the net at: http://homepage.seas.upenn.edu/~kfoster/powerfreq.htm
18. JE Moulder: The Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination (EMF-RAPID) Program. Radiat Res 153:613-616,2000.
- In the US, public concern that exposure to power-line fields was linked to cancer led to the establishment of a Congressionally mandated program, the Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination (EMF-RAPID) Program. Much of the work funded by the EMF-RAPID program has not yet been published in the peer-reviewed literature. The U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) asked that Radiation Research publish a special issue in an attempt to remedy this publication gap. This is the introduction to that special issue. See also:H55-H58, J17, K8-K10.
19. AW Preece, JW Hand et al: Power frequency electromagnetic fields and health. Where's the evidence? Phys Med Biol 45:R139-R154, 2000.
- A review of the power-line cancer controversy concludes that: "No associations have been shown between laboratory magnetic field exposures and carcinogenesis in either animal or cellular models. Indeed, studies have demonstrated that magnetic fields are not associated with cancer. However, the puzzle remains that the results of some epidemiological studies may be interpreted as suggesting that living close to high-voltage transmission lines appears to slightly increase the risk of childhood leukemia."
20. ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer. Doc NRPB, 12, 2001.
- "Laboratory experiments have provided no good evidence that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields are capable of producing cancer, nor do human epidemiological studies suggest that they cause cancer in general. There is, however, some epidemiological evidence that prolonged exposure to higher levels of power frequency magnetic fields is associated with a small risk of leukaemia in children. In practice, such levels of exposure are seldom encountered by the general public in the UK. In the absence of clear evidence of a carcinogenic effect in adults, or of a plausible explanation from experiments on animals or isolated cells, the epidemiological evidence is currently not strong enough to justify a firm conclusion that such fields cause leukaemia in children. Unless, however, further research indicates that the finding is due to chance or some currently unrecognized artifact, the possibility remains that intense and prolonged exposures to magnetic fields can increase the risk of leukaemia in children."
21. Takabe H, Shiga T et al: Biological and Health Effects from Exposure to Power-line Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Conformation of Absence of Any Effects at Environmental Field Strengths. Tokyo, Ohmsha, Ltd., 2001.
1. JG Davis et al: Health Effects of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 1992.
- "...目前沒有文獻指出，由家用電器、電視顯像終端和當地高壓電力輸配線所產生的極低頻率電磁場會危害健康。"
2. JA Dennis et al: Human Health and Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation (NRPB-R241), National Rad Protect Board, Chilton, 1993.
- "大量的證據顯示，人們在一般正常的暴露下，並不會造成任何效應。"
3. P Guenel and J Lellouch: [Synthesis of the literature on health effects from very low frequency electric and magnetic fields], Nat Inst Health Medical Res (INSERM), Paris, 1993.
- "實驗室裡的研究並未發現任何致癌的效應，然而流行病學並未排除磁場造成白血病的可能性，尤其是兒童白血病...磁場對於人類健康的影響尚須研究，只有在確定有何影響時，這才會成為大眾健康問題。"
4. J Roucayrol: [Report on extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and health]. Bull Acad Nat Med 177:1031-1040, 1993
- "沒有證據指出電磁場跟生殖和畸形有關，也沒有證據說明電磁場會造成或觸發或促進某些癌症的發生，即使仍不能完全排除可能性...流行病學的研究數據和實驗室研究不一致。"
5. JE Moulder and KR Foster: Biological effects of power-frequency fields as they relate to carcinogenesis. Proc Soc Exp Med Biol 209:309-324, 1995.
- 見 A12 有後來的修正版。
6. KR Foster and JE Moulder: Questioning biological effects of EMF, In: "IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, vol 15 (Jul/Aug)", Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, pp. 23-102 (1996).
- 一份收集個人發表文章關於必v頻率、射頻場和人類健康，由本網頁原文作者編著。
7. National Research Council (U.S.): Possible health effects of exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, (1996).
- "基於已發表的釵h文獻，關於必v頻率電磁場對於細胞、組織和生物體（包括人類），整合瞭解之後，結論出暴露在這樣的環境下，並不會危害人體健康。明確的說，沒有具結論性和一致性的證據顯示暴露在一般住宅區電磁場之下會造成癌症、不良的神經行為反應或生殖和生長發育的效應。"
8. R Kavet: EMF and current cancer concepts. Bioelectromag 17:339-357, 1996.
- "目前的認為癌症發生是一個多階段性的過程，需要至少兩個基因毒害的事件發生在它的關鍵路徑，但是這個過程會因為目標細胞的非基因毒性擴散增值效應而受到促進...必v頻率場關於癌症發生的效應尚未被證實..."
9. KR Foster et al: Weak electromagnetic fields and cancer In the context of risk assessment. Proc IEEE 85:733-746,1997.
- "一份回顧，從非游離輻射電磁場可能造成的健康危害到關於癌症風險的評估，包括三項與電磁場和癌症有關連的歷史事件。作者下了個結論：支持電磁場與癌症有相連的證據非常薄弱，癌症風險的評估以及評定癌症發生率為負(negative)是很困難的...這個難題需要對於「風險」以及風險與人類、器官之關係有更複雜的瞭解，這就牽涉到電學科技(electrotechnology)。"
10. A Lacy-Hulbert et al: Biological responses to electromagnetic fields. FASEB J 12:395-420, 1998.
- "累積的證據...告訴我們流行病學的研究無法提供一個明確清楚的關連性，關於暴露在必v-頻率場和癌症的發生之間的關連性...由於目前仍不知道必v-頻率場對於致癌影響的機制，流行病學的研究結果只會使人困惑。動物實驗也無法證實必v-頻率場會促發或促進癌症...除非可以明確的重複出相同的實驗變項及一致的實驗結果，但到目前為止都沒有...因此對於必v-頻率場的生物效應，科學界抱持著很大的懷疑。"
11. Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: Working Group Report, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998.
- 必v-頻率場是可能的(possible)致癌因子，不是可能的(probable)致癌因子。請見 問題二十七F 、 A16 。
12. JE Moulder: Power-frequency fields and cancer. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 26:1-116, 1998.
- 本網頁的1998年原文版。
"癌症發生的機制已經被瞭解，在實驗室裡可以利用對它的瞭解來評估某物質或媒介是否具有潛在致癌的可能。大約有100份發表的報告是在尋找必v-頻率場為基因毒性的證據，不過都沒有找到。少數宣稱有找到的，他們所用的暴露條件幾乎不會發生在真實的環境裡，而且這些實驗結果無法被重複證實。連結流行病學與生物物理學的研究結果，結論是必v-頻率場和癌症的相關性不僅不能被證實，也相當不可能。"
13. J McCann, LI Kheifets et al: Cancer risk assessment of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: A critical review of methodology. Environ Health Perspect 106:701-717, 1998.
- "這份回顧提供了癌症風險評估方法，有關於極低頻率電場和磁場...
1) 風險評估應該被視為一種反覆的過程，這過程告訴我們對於健康風險的整體判斷...
2) 做出「有危險」的鑑定需要有相當大量的動物實驗數據來支持...
3) 年齡不同可能對於致癌因子的敏感度不同，這個因素也應該考慮進去...
4) 缺乏劑量反應的證據以及對於必v-頻率場的DNA反應，風險特性用安全因素(safety factor)或不確定因素(uncertainty factor)或暴露種類幅度來表示比較恰當...
5) 風險評估應該允頃�肊坁犒篘蝯祭蚳虓礂@由於暴露在必v-頻率場之致癌風險的界限，也應該要針對釐清不確定因素，使成為更加完整的評估，而規定一個有效的研究程序。"
14. JE Moulder and KR Foster: Is there a link between exposure to power-frequency electric fields and cancer? IEEE Eng Med Biol 18(2):109-116, 1999.
- "某些作者最近提出必v-頻率電場和磁場作比較，電場跟癌症比較有關，他們的結論是基於流行病學的研究。我們回顧了這個議題的文獻...發現正好相反，必v-頻率電場對於癌症的相關性比磁場還弱，幾乎可說是沒有關係存在...不用說，我們的社會有釵h更急切的健康問題，而高壓輸配線不是其中之一。"
15. National Research Council. Research on Power-Frequency Fields Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Nation Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1999.
- "The results of the EMF-RAPID program do not support the contention that the use of electricity poses a major unrecognized public-health danger. Basic research on the effects of power-frequency magnetic fields should continue, but a special research funding effort is not required." See also: A18
16. Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
- "The scientific evidence suggesting that [power-frequency electromagnetic field] exposures pose any health risk is weak". See 問題二十七G for details. The report is available at: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/EMF.../Report_18f.htm
17. Committee on Man and Radiation: Possible health hazards from exposure to power-frequency electric and magnetic fields- A COMAR Technical Information Statement. IEEE Eng Med Biol 19(1):131-137, 2000.
- "After examination of relevant research reports published during the last ten years, COMAR concludes that it is highly unlikely that health problems can be associated with average 24-hour field exposure to power frequency magnetic fields of less than 1 milliT. Good laboratory evidence shows that magnetic fields 100 to 10,000 times higher than this level, either ELF sinusoidal or pulsed, can induce a variety of biological effects... Many of the reports of effects of weaker fields should be considered preliminary, as some observations have not been reproduced in different laboratories, while others, observed in cells, have not been clearly connected to effects in intact animals. Also, the means of interaction of low-level ELF fields with cells, tissues or laboratory animals is not fully understood; therefore the health impacts of such weak fields on intact animals and humans, if any, cannot be predicted or explained."
Full text on the net at: http://homepage.seas.upenn.edu/~kfoster/powerfreq.htm
18. JE Moulder: The Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination (EMF-RAPID) Program. Radiat Res 153:613-616,2000.
- In the US, public concern that exposure to power-line fields was linked to cancer led to the establishment of a Congressionally mandated program, the Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination (EMF-RAPID) Program. Much of the work funded by the EMF-RAPID program has not yet been published in the peer-reviewed literature. The U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) asked that Radiation Research publish a special issue in an attempt to remedy this publication gap. This is the introduction to that special issue. See also:H55-H58, J17, K8-K10.
19. AW Preece, JW Hand et al: Power frequency electromagnetic fields and health. Where's the evidence? Phys Med Biol 45:R139-R154, 2000.
- A review of the power-line cancer controversy concludes that: "No associations have been shown between laboratory magnetic field exposures and carcinogenesis in either animal or cellular models. Indeed, studies have demonstrated that magnetic fields are not associated with cancer. However, the puzzle remains that the results of some epidemiological studies may be interpreted as suggesting that living close to high-voltage transmission lines appears to slightly increase the risk of childhood leukemia."
20. ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer. Doc NRPB, 12, 2001.
- "Laboratory experiments have provided no good evidence that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields are capable of producing cancer, nor do human epidemiological studies suggest that they cause cancer in general. There is, however, some epidemiological evidence that prolonged exposure to higher levels of power frequency magnetic fields is associated with a small risk of leukaemia in children. In practice, such levels of exposure are seldom encountered by the general public in the UK. In the absence of clear evidence of a carcinogenic effect in adults, or of a plausible explanation from experiments on animals or isolated cells, the epidemiological evidence is currently not strong enough to justify a firm conclusion that such fields cause leukaemia in children. Unless, however, further research indicates that the finding is due to chance or some currently unrecognized artifact, the possibility remains that intense and prolonged exposures to magnetic fields can increase the risk of leukaemia in children."
21. Takabe H, Shiga T et al: Biological and Health Effects from Exposure to Power-line Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Conformation of Absence of Any Effects at Environmental Field Strengths. Tokyo, Ohmsha, Ltd., 2001.
